Antecedents and Consequences of Organizational Intelligence

Antecedents and Consequences of Organizational Intelligence Chapter 1: Introduction Life is not primarily a quest for pleasure, as Freud believed, or a quest for power, as Alfred Adler taught, but a quest for meaning in work (doing something significant), in love (caring for another person) and in courage (during difficult times) (Frankl, 2006). This chapter provides an overall understanding of this dissertation. Section 1.1 describes the research background. Section 1.2 discusses the research objectives and questions. The following section 1.3 explains research scope. In section 1.4, significance of the research is discussed. Finally, this dissertation describes the organization of this dissertation in Section 1.5. Research Background In today’s world, organizations confront fast and astonishing changes. Their survival will depend on adaptation capability they will perform so that, they can comply with those changes. As a result of this situation, the management concept with its process acquires a different character, which is because of technological progression and globalization. In this age, to consistently sustain the importance, knowledge concept of the organization is changing fast. In organizations, shared individual knowledge transform into organizational information. Effective application of organizational knowledge forms intelligent organizations progressively. However, in order to achieve these, an intuition of making use of knowledge in creative way is required. Therefore, to survive in the demanding and competitive environment, organizations are needed to be intelligent in today’s world. Organization is alive and, for being strived needs continuous information. While organization in the past have been viewed as compilations of tasks, products, employees, profit and processes, today they are increasingly seen as intelligent systems designed to manage knowledge. Therefore, measuring ability of learning, finding and logical thinking is necessary for evaluation and performance improvement. Seeing such scenario in high turbulent world, those men are successful and efficient who possess a high IQ. Undoubtedly, men can overcome their life problems by utilizing their given intelligence. Certainly, it is true in organizational world particularly in modern age in which organizations have become more complicated and their survival has become more difficult due to improvements in sciences and industries as well as the emergence of new needs and challenges overtime. Now, this question arises how we can prepare ourselves to face such uncertainties where change is only thing that is stable. Obviously, those organizations are successful which can utilize their employees thinking power effectively. As a fascinating concept and intriguing research area, â€Å"intelligence† finds strong appeal in many disciplines outside of individual and cognitive psychology (Sternberg and Kaufman, 1998). One of the disciplines that provoked increased interest in the importance of intelligence is the management and organization development literature (Glynn, 1996; March, 1999; Stalinski, 2004). In this globalized world, when the environment is so turbulent what the organizations are needed to do is, they need to be more intelligent in order to have competitive advantage over their competitors. Though the concept â€Å"organizational intelligence (OI)† was introduced in 1967 but not much has been done in this area till now. Even if we disregard the entire literature in which organizational intelligence was supposedly aggregated (Kurzman and Owens, 2002), the term is still ambiguous in the context of organizational development scholarship. This is true because there is a lack of a un ified theory of intelligence in organizational settings as noted by the numerous and fragmented perspectives and ideas of researchers in the field (Glynn, 1996). Research Questions and Objectives The primary objective of this dissertation is to delineate an integrative view of organizational intelligence and provide some guidelines. For this purpose, this dissertation attempts to find out the antecedents and consequences of organizational intelligence and to test the proposed conceptual model of organizational intelligence. Related with this purpose, previous research shows some research challenges. The first challenge is to explore the factor structure of organizational intelligence. An integrative perspective of organizational intelligence is a necessity. It is also noted that there is a dearth of studies which attempted to explore the factor structure of organizational intelligence. Consequently, the other challenge is to test the proposed conceptual model of organizational intelligence. Previous studies did not show any such empirical finding on this issue. Therefore, the main research aim is to find out the antecedents and consequences of OI and develop and test a model. This research has identified five important constructs in identifying the antecedents and consequences of OI: Leadership Organizational culture Organizational intelligence Organizational innovational capability Organizational performance This research discusses the following research questions: RQ1. What is the factor structure of the OI construct? RQ2. To what extent does leadership impact organizational intelligence? RQ3. To what extent does organizational culture impact organizational intelligence? RQ4. To what extent does organizational intelligence impact organizational performance via organizational innovational capability? On the basis of the above research questions following research objectives were formed: Research Objective 1 (RO1)- To explore the factor structure of organizational intelligence Research Objective 2 (RO2)- To investigate the influence of leadership on organizational intelligence Research objective 3 (RO3)- To investigate the influence of organizational culture on organizational intelligence Research Objective 4 (RO4)- To further understand the relationship between organizational intelligence and organizational performance via organizational innovational capability Research Objective 5 (RO5)- To assess existing models of OI Research Objective 6 (RO6)- To develop a conclusive model of antecedents and consequences of OI based on the research findings; and, Research Objective 7 (RO7)- To validate the model and test the hypotheses The sixth and seventh research objectives are the final output of this research, which attempts to develop an appropriate structural measurement model of antecedents and consequences of OI. Research scope This relation is aimed at investigating the antecedents and consequences of organizational intelligence. In doing so, this thesis presents a model of antecedents and consequences of organizational intelligence (OI), based on the Kalkhan (2007), Falletta (2008) and Albrecht’s (2003) model and empirically test hypotheses. This model of OI was validated by a survey in an R D organization. An organization is regarded as a system of inter subjectively shared meanings sustained through social interaction (Walsh and Ungson, 1991). Organizational intelligence emerges from those interactions that constitute the organization. It is embedded in the structured patterns of thought and action in which organizational members interact and engage (Glynn, 1996). Technologically advanced systems affect organizational intelligence as well. They enable the development of organizational intelligence (Huber, 1990; Leidner and Elam, 1995). Thus, organizational intelligence is more than the aggregate intelligence of organizational members; it is the intelligence of the organization itself as a larger system. An unintelligent organization can be composed of apparently intelligent people and an intelligent organization can be composed of relatively unintelligent components (Albrecht, 2003; Kerfoot, 2003). Organizations, as well as people, display differing degrees of intelligence. Difference s among organizations’ intelligences are not related to the differences among the intelligences of organizations’ members only. Many factors such as organizational symbols, patterns of interaction, organizational culture, socialization processes and advanced technological systems influence the differences among organizations’ intelligences. This area has not been much explored and especially in India not much significant work has come into the light. Therefore, a strong need was felt to study this area as it seems to be very important in today’s world. It has been found out that most of the works on OI are not empirically supported. Halal (1997) in his work stated that organizational intelligence leads to organizational performance. After the review of literature it was found that organizational intelligence is the factor which promotes knowledge management, creativity, innovativeness, performance and it helps organization in achieving its goal. Therefore, after understanding its impact on other related OB constructs, it was concluded that it deserves concerted attention. 1.4 Significance of the Research As already stated that there is a dire need of empirical investigations in the field of organizational intelligence because this is the factor which influences performance of the organization (Halal, 2000). This study tries to answer the question that if the lack of resources and the overload of information are the problems, is intelligence the solution to improve organizations? In the Knowledge Economy, the organization needs to develop and maintain supportive partnerships to deal with complex issues in uncertain environments, turning challenges into opportunities, anticipating and understanding emerging threats and recovering from unexpected shocks and cries. In other words, in times of crisis and high economic and social turbulence, organizations must show high levels of intelligence to meet the needs of the organizations. The ability to solve problems and make decisions, defined as ‘intelligence’, is the solution to improve organizations. This assumption is based on the conviction that the right answer to users’ need depends on managers’ ability to absorb what is happening in the environment and to correctly act on the generated knowledge. Rothberg and Erickson (2004) hold that intelligence, in all forms, comes from the strategic management of knowledge, understanding the environment within which knowledge is collected and used, and making the knowledge actionable, especially by strategic decision makers. Understanding of OI and its antecedents and consequences may immensely help the organizations and assist them in improving and achieving their objectives. Concept of OI has evolved and advanced a variety of practices and processes aimed at the creation and application of knowledge. However, scholars have been concerned by, and practitioners have struggled with, the lack of clear, comprehensive concepts that define the field of organizational intelligence (Staskeviciute, 2009). Ercetin (2009) holds that definitions of intelligence are in continuous revision. In particular, she finds that there is no unifying understanding of the concept of intelligence in management (Staskeviciute, 2009). Staskeviciute and Ciutiene (2008) conclude that in scientific literature it is possible to find different concepts of organizational intelligence, but they are all bounded by the same feature: the organization’s capability to adapt to environment and knowledge management, because organizational intelligence involves knowledge based on the organization’s capacity. Organizational intelligence refers to the process of turning data into knowledge and knowledge into action for organizational gain (Cronquist, 2011). On a practical level, the CETISME cooperative (Cooperate to Promote Economic and Technological Intelligence in SMEs) has stated that consistently getting the right information at the right moment can only be the result of a permanent intelligence process leading to policy established at the highest level of the organization (2002). Cruz and Dominguez (2007) point out that the processes of perception, knowledge creation and decision making are favored by the proper management of information resources. The goal of OI is to interpret and act on relevant facts and environmental signals from the learning arising from acquired competences (skills +knowledge + attitudes). In general, the perception, interpretation, analysis, integration and use of knowledge is related to OI. The central argument of this thesis is to identify the factors which lead to organizational intelligence and what are the resultant factors when organization is acting intelligently. In the moments of uncertainty, organizations must have high levels of intelligence to interpret, integrate, combine and filter the relevant knowledge. Intelligent systems depend on a structured network of â€Å"expert analyzers† who offer their technical skill, knowledge, and personal experiences. They engage with the systems by validating information, discovering relationships between pieces of information and conducting analyses. In short, OI systems provide the pathways for knowledge to become intelligent, that is, actionable (answer â€Å"so what† questions and stay future-focused). They can also direct actions to acquire additional knowledge necessary to â€Å"fill in the blanks†. Full knowledge, with appropriate analysis, provided to the key manager at the right time defines how intelligence can extend and protect the capabilities of organizational systems (Rothberg Erickson, 2004). Also, its significance increases when it is seen in the context of RD organization, as the people working there are intelligent and knowledge workers, therefore, the relevance of this concept is automatically enhanced in such scenario, which this study tries to look into. Organization of the Dissertation To describe organizational intelligence and identify its antecedents and consequences, this dissertation will follow the research procedure and structure as shown in Figure 1-1. It consists of six major parts: (i) introduction, (ii) literature review, (iii) development of theoretical framework and hypotheses, (iv) research methodology, (v) data analysis and research findings, (vi) discussion, and conclusion. The remainder of the dissertation is organized as follows. The following chapter surveys summarizes the related studies. It includes the relevant literature of organizational intelligence, empirical studies on organizational intelligence and its antecedents and consequences. In chapter 3, this dissertation proposes a conceptual research model, and explores the key variables and their relationships. In chapter 4, research methodologies are explained such as theoretical research approaches, design and administration of the survey. It also explains the sample and measures. Chapter 5 illustrates the analysis and summarizes analysis results. Chapter 6 extends with the explanation of the findings and tested model, it also discusses the contributions and limitations of the study and offer suggestions for future study. Table 1.1 Simplified Structure of the Thesis

Poetry Analysis- in the Station of the Metro

When we read poems, we don’t exactly interpret the meaning of it automatically. It takes us a shot, or two, or three to fully understand the meaning of it or at least have your own interpretation. In the poem In a Station of the Metro, written by Ezra Pound, one of the themes that are presented is modernization. Nowadays, the metro isn’t the place where people want to be because of its lousy appearance, the people seem a little odd for others, and in other words people don’t like taking it because we all have the mentality that something bad will happen.In the next few paragraphs, it will explain detail by detail how certain literary elements are used and relate to the theme. Everything we read has a mood to put us in while we read whether it’d be comical, depressing, or even mysterious. The poem’s mood is profound. Why is this poem so profound? Well for one, with only 2 sentences there are only so much that we can uncover about a poem. A perfect ex ample to back up the fact that this poem is profound is the title.We all think that the title isn’t as important as the rest of the poem but in this one it is because without it, nobody would be able to figure out the real meaning since no one will know what the writer wrote about. For example, without the title, it can be a performer looking at the audience waiting, looking like petals on a branch just sitting there waiting for seasons to change, meaning for the performer to go up. Profound moods and modernization come together because when you think about something in general, sometimes you try discovering a new meaning to it.In the poem, we see a clear indication that with the only two sentences there are, we are supposed to come up with our own meaning. What the author did was probably for us readers to decode our own meaning of the poem by just writing 2 sentences. Because the mood is so profound, it’s very relevant to modernization because in the modern world, we find that metros are filled with angry people pushing, dirty floors and walls. The author is basically telling us that we are still the same people just on a dirty metro, as well reminding us to be calm and think of ourselves as flowers on a branch.What we see and what we actually interpret are two different things. Not everything is what it seems to be. Another element used is comparisons. To compare something means to take something and make it seem like something else. In the poem, the poet describes â€Å"faces in the crowd† as â€Å"petals on a wet, black bough† because in a crowd, it’s easy to pick out different faces because everyone is different. Everyone has a unique look and since the poet is picking out faces in a crowd, it could be a comparison to picking out petals, off a stem or a bough, one by one as if each petal was an individual face.Imagery can also be linked with the topic of comparisons because every sentence has a different meaning that ca n be linked to each other in a way that we can imagine it. Usually a metro is hectic, nobody really wants to be in it especially at rush hour, but what the poet is trying to do is remind us that within our environment around us are serenity and peace in ourselves that we have to think of. Petals from flowers are very delicate and the poet tells us that if it’s hectic on the metro or anywhere else, there is always peace to think of, like the flowers.These elements are relevant to the theme because nowadays, people tend to judge before they think twice. In the poem for example, if the people weren’t reminded that there is peace and serenity within themselves, then they’d think their society is a bad place. Is there such thing as nonsense? Is a pile of nonsense put together supposed to make sense? In the poem, the last two elements presented are effective line breaks and ambiguity.To be ambiguous means to be vague, and the poem really shows the vagueness in the eff ective line breaks. Every line in the poem is a different sentence, irrelevant to the others. The first sentence would have to be the title, â€Å"In a Station of the Metro†. This is an incomplete sentence and with the others that come, it still makes no sense. The second sentence is â€Å"The apparition of these faces in a crowd;†, still an incomplete sentence because there’s a verb that needs to come into play for it to be complete and make sense.And the last sentence of the poem is â€Å"Petals on a wet, black bough†; this as well is an incomplete sentence simply just a description. But if everything is put together, this is where ambiguity and as well imagery comes in. The fact that everything is so vague and that after every sentence there’s a break, it could subliminally mean that everything is meant to be put together like a puzzle. When the sentences are put together, it tells us that within a crowd of people on a metro, everyone is unique like petals on a bough.Even if something is ambiguous, there is always a way to figure out some meaning for it. This is related to modernization because like imagery, we don’t perceive things for what they are right away so it’s very vague, then after figuring out what it could mean or be; everything would make sense. To conclude, modernization has changed the way we think as the years go by, we all have different points of view now and we judge before we think things through.In the poem, using all the elements like mood, imagery, comparisons, ambiguity and use of effective line breaks, they all had some relevance towards the theme which was modernization. Things have changed since the earlier years. Back then, no one judged right away, everyone was just living. Now that we have new technology and such, it makes us closed minded because technology told made us believe that the real world sucks. The poem made me realize that there is more to the world than what we can a ctually physically see. Sometimes what we see isn’t exactly what we think it is.

Persuasion by Jane Austen - 1472 Words

Jane Austen, considered one of the most famous Romantic writers during her time, was praised for her ability and skill to write a good characterization. Persuasion, one of the most famous novels by Austen, is a good example of writing in which depicts her use of characterization and use of ironic styles in social relationships between classes in a society. In Persuasion, Austen uses attractive plots, different types of conflicts, rich characterization, and unique style to portray the emotions and the actions of the characters. The engaging plot of the novel brings the reader to focus more on the story and picture the setting in their minds. The story begins with an exposition when the Elliots move to Bath, â€Å"Sir Walter would quit Kellynch Hall† (Austen 12). And here starts the relationship between Anne and Captain Wentworth. The rising action climbs when Anne actually meets Captain Wentworth but he shows no interest in her and spends most of his time with Louisa and Henrie tta. From his actions, Anne initially believes that Captain Wentworth does not care about her anymore, â€Å"†¦but, except from some natural sensation of curiosity, he had no desire of meeting her again. Her power with him was gone for ever† (Austen 54). The climax, the â€Å"boom† moment, takes in place when Louisa falls to the street and later on decides to marry Captain Benwick: â€Å"They had been thrown together several weeks; they had been living in the same small family party† (Austen 145). Anymore, this is crucialShow MoreRelatedPersuasion - Jane Austen1901 Words   |  8 PagesJaneca Latore AP English 12 Mr. Connelly April 7, 2012 Persuasion In Persuasion, the last of Jane Austen’s works, the readers are immediately intrigued by the autumnal tone of the piece, and the mellowness of the main character, Anne Elliot. Anne, a twenty-seven year old upper middle class woman, met and fell in love with Captain Frederick Wentworth at the age of nineteen. 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Austen begins the novel with â€Å"Sir Walter Elliot, of Kellynch Hall, in Somersetshire, was a man who, for his own amusement, never took up any book but the Baronetage; there he found occupationRead MoreJane Austen s Persuasion 1822 Words   |  8 PagesJane Austen’s title â€Å"Persuasion† is very relatable to characters in many different ways. The first character that this title can relate to very much is Anne Elliot. She is the protagonist of Persuasion, and is very intelligent and thoughtful. Anne takes pride in her looks but gets very sad after overhearing Captain Wentworth think she has changed her appearance for the worst. However, overall, her persuasion comes from within herself as she is not only intelligent but also very strong willed. WeRead MoreA Close Analysis Of Jane Austen s Persuasion1098 Words   |  5 PagesA close analysis of Jane Austen’s Persuasion (Extract 3) Many readers of Persuasion believe Austen uses the namesake â€Å"persuasion† too neutrally. 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Argument Analysis Euthanasia and the Right to Die Essay

The right to die and euthanasia, also known as physician-assisted suicide, have long been topics of passionate debate. Euthanasia is simply mercy killing while the phrase â€Å"physician-assisted suicide† regards the administering or the provision of lethal means to aid in the ending of a person’s life. The right to die entails the belief that if humans have the governmental and natural right to live and to prolong their lives then they should also have the right to end their life whenever desired. Articles such as Gary Cartwright’s â€Å"Last Rights† and Margaret Somerville’s â€Å"The Role of Death† provide the life support for these two topics will likely never fade away. Both articles cover physician-assisted suicide and the right to die.†¦show more content†¦It’s impossible to know what came before or after this statement without further research by the reader. Another example is when Somerville says, â€Å"Euthanas ia and assisted suicide involve extinguishing human life. Research shows that humans have a basic instinct against killing other humans, which might be a source of the widely shared moral intuition that its wrong to do so.† This seems to be a solid statement but when looked at closely it can easily be dissected and found to be very weak. Somerville says that â€Å"research shows†¦Ã¢â‚¬  What research? Who or what organization or school conducted the research? When was this research done? Where was the research done? Somerville also says that the idea that euthanasia is â€Å"widely spread.† According to whom is this idea widely spread? Is it spread across the world, North America, or just Canada? Another weak point in Somerville’s article is when she assumes that social seclusion is a key reason for people to make requests for physician-assisted suicide. Again some of the same question can be asked just like above. According to whom is this tr ue? Was there a survey done for this conclusion to be made? Although Somerville’s article does have some weak points, she does provide several solid points when trying to prove the slippery slope theory. TheShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay On Human Euthanasia1433 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Euthanasia It is a shared understanding that human life must be valued under any circumstance, and it should not be terminated for whatever reasons unless it is a natural occurrence. The value and respect for human life were behind the debate against â€Å"the death row† in many states and countries around the world. In addition, religion places high value in human life, basing on the claim that it is a sin to end one’s life. However, there have been instances where ending the life of another personRead MoreThe Legislative Process And Healthcare Lobbying. The Healthcare1019 Words   |  5 Pagesvoting on proposed bills. Separate branches are meant to provide checks and balances to prevent a monopoly of power within the government. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the legislative process and the end-of-life issue of active and passive euthanasia. Part 1 Legislative Process The United States government is made up of three separate branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch and the judicial branch. The legislative branch consists of the Senate and the House of RepresentativesRead MoreEuthanasia: Not Morally Acceptable Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowing essay, I argue that euthanasia is not morally acceptable because it always involves killing, and undermines intrinsic value of human being. The moral basis on which euthanasia defends its position is contradictory and arbitrary in that its moral values represented in such terms as ‘mercy killing’, ‘dying with dignity’, ‘good death’ and ‘right for self-determination’ fail to justify taking one’s life. Introduction Among other moral issues, euthanasia emerged with modern medical advancementRead MorePhysician Assisted Death For The Terminally Ill1601 Words   |  7 Pagesill in US Student Name Introduction In United States, Euthanasia  is a highly controversial subject among politicians, legislators and society members. Just the mention of this issue polarizes different groups on opposing ends as some either support it and others want to keep it illegal and unlawful(Steck, Egger, Maessen, Reisch, Zwahlen, 2013). The main ideology that is discussed in the situation is whether an individual has a right on his own life in cases of terminal illness where there isRead MoreThe Legalization Of Physician Assisted Death1173 Words   |  5 Pages The idea of committing euthanasia and physician- assisted suicide (PAS) had a historical root in the nineteenth century and referred as skillful alleviation of suffering1 in Latin transcripts. Recently the theme of the legalization of physician-assisted death (PAD) in Canada boosted in 2012. The decision of the British Columbia Supreme Court in the case of Carter v. Canada (Attorney General) was the threshold of the theme. It ruled that the Canad ian Criminal Code 2 prohibition against PADRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide And Voluntary Euthanasia1348 Words   |  6 PagesPhysician-assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia is still under scrutiny for a number of reasons. â€Å"In spring, 1996, the Ninth and Second Circuits were the first circuit courts in the country to find a constitutional prohibition against laws which make physician-assisted suicide a crime† (Martyn Bourguignon, 1997). New York was one of the states that followed this prohibition. Eventually, The Ninth and Second Circuit, â€Å"allow physician-assisted suicide while attempting to protect individuals fromRead MoreThe Conflicting Ethics With The Right1540 Words   |  7 PagesThe Conflicting Ethics with the right to die Adam Kaplinsky Wilmington University What do you do if you have a patient that is in deep pain and has been given a terminal prognosis? You look into the face of this patient and see someone who is weak and unable to take care of him or herself grimacing in pain. The patient knows the prognosis, which is not good, and he or she realizes at this point that their condition will only worsen. The next step is death, but that could take a while, and in theRead MoreActive Euthanasia Is Never Morally Justified1545 Words   |  7 Pages Analysis on The Argument That Active Euthanasia is Never Morally Justified Death has always been a controversial topic throughout the world. There are many theories as to where we go and what the meaning of life truly is. How one dies is important in today’s society, especially when it comes to the idea of suicide. Active euthanasia, also referred to as assisted suicide, is the intentional act of causing the death of a patient experiencing great suffering. It is illegal in some places, like FranceRead MoreThe Islamic Ethical Principles Of Euthanasia Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesHOW DOES ISLAM RESPOND TO EUTHANASIA? INTRODUCTION The objective of my inquiry is to find and investigate the Islamic ethical principles of the act of euthanasia, to see how Islam responds to euthanasia. The Islamic ethical principles that this investigation addresses includes the sanctity of human life and how only Allah has the right to decide the length of our lives, in relation to evidence given by the authentic Islamic sources of Quran, Hadith (sayings of the Prophet [Peace and Blessings ofRead MoreThe Death Of Assisted Suicide1593 Words   |  7 Pagescriminalised assisted suicide, with a maximum sentence of 14 years . Kevin Yuill opposes those who are in favour of legalisation. By referencing the floodgates argument he believes that more people who are not in a critical condition will use assisted suicide, thus exploiting the system and leading into a transition to involuntary euthanasia. He also touches on the flaws in the compassionate grounds theory and the breakdown in doctor patient relationships. Alternatively, other t heorists and pro legalisation

Chinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart - 1410 Words

Things Fall Apart In Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the reader is taken on a journey to a Nigerian tribe, Umuofia, to experience first-hand the struggles of a warrior named Okonkwo. Okonkwo showed that he had so much to live for, but as seen through the story, that quickly changed. Okonkwo was not any old village boy, he didn’t inherit a farm, nor was he from a wealthy family. Okonkwo disliked his father because he never paid his debts and was always looking to borrow money from others in the village. This left Okonkwo in a tough situation. The clash of cultures is one of the most important themes seen in book. After the Christian missionaries arrived in Umuofia, they immediately begin to alter the locals, which was ultimately the†¦show more content†¦They were 2 different sides that lived their daily lives differently. In the beginning, Okonkwo is known to be hot headed and quick to judge, therefore he was not ready to go down without a fight. There was a lot culturally that was different between the two sides that caused the feuds. Okonkwo’s role of power changed in the book many times such as when he left the village. He was forced to leave because during a funeral because his gun accidently went off and killed one of the young men of the village. The man killed was a clanman and this was a crime against the earth goddess. His family whole suffered from his accident, as they were all exiled from the village. Shortly after his departure from the village his hut was burned down. While Okonkwo was gone the Christian missionaries came to the village and converted Okonkwo’s son Nwoye into a Christian himself. Both sides had some cultural misunderstandings as the Christians arrived at the village, the Igbo people though they were missionaries. Okonkwos power was fluctuating throughout the plot, more or less at certain times. The book also has different genders with different roles such as the males apart from the females. Also the lifestyle was very different. â€Å"Okonkwo was not afraid of war. He was a man of action, a man of war. Unlike his father he could stand the look of blood. In Umuofia’s latest war he was the first to bring home a human head.†(Achebe 46) Okonkwo starts out in the book in a position of

Indian Price Rises Free Essays

Rising Price in India wrote by : MILAN CHATERJEE ,india from : http://www. publishyourarticles. org/eng/articles/rising-price-in-india. We will write a custom essay sample on Indian Price Rises or any similar topic only for you Order Now html Today, India is facing many problems – the problem of corruption, the problem of unemployment, the problem of illiteracy, the problem of population, so on and so forth. The problem of rising prices is one of the most important problems that Indian is facing now. This problem is two-fold to check the rising prices and, if possible, to bring the prices down. The economists are of opinion that growing economy of the country has given rise to the rising prices. Such economy causes inflation. In inflation purchasing power runs ahead of purchasable goods. In other words, in a growing country, the supply of money increase at once but the supply of goods takes time to increase. Again the population has increased. This has further increased inflation. Because of growing population the current corruption is increasing. There is another cause of rising prices. The production of consumption goods has been very slowly rising. Our plants are also responsible for the present food situation. High targets were set to be achieved in defense and development. Levels of outlay on the development were suggested. No consideration was given to the existing state of economy. The pressure on real resources has been increasing. The gap between the return and investment also has its effect upon the present price situation. Thirdly, the kind of system of Government is liable to inflation. Restraint cannot be exercised in spending. Often it happens that claims have to be met mainly allocating funds. In the period of rising prices, the rich got richer and poor, poorer. The rich own the means of production. They pay the laborers handsomely. But they take of the left hand what they gave with right hand. The cost of goods swells up. The prices naturally go up. What his master gives him, the market takes. Rising prices encourage hoarding, profiteering, black –marketing and corruption. They discourage export. They cause devaluation of currency. Lastly, they seriously disrupt equitable distribution of wealth. The problem is very dangerous. It needs measures – short and long term, to be adopted. These measures include as appeal mixed up with threat to the sellers, raids on go downs and other hoards of grain, the seizing of black, the cut of Rs 400 crores in central expenditure, the ncrease in bank rates to 5 %, the opining of fair price shops, the rationing of provisions, the imports of food-grains from some foreign counties, the curbing of unproductive expenditure by the Government, the readjustment in the scale of pay and the emphasis on small plants. The short term measure will help the government to hold the price-line. The long term measures will help the government to withdraw the huge amount of money pumped into circulation during the last year. Corruption has also given rise to rising prices. Analyze the news India has been having this economic cycle for centuries. But the issue of price of goods has been rising in India had been considered just a while ago. In the past, this economic cycle started with the problem of its population. The inequality distribution of wealth makes the poor suffer from starving as they do not have money to buy food or clothes. On the other hand, the rich just kept taking advantage of whomever underneath them. Nowadays, India has been intervened by other countries that want to help to improve the quality of life of the poor in India. Due to the better quality living of the people, they seem to have more purchasing power than before. The growing population in India, is also the result of improving quality of life, is creating a shortage of consumption goods. Because the demand increase rapidly more than the supply of goods. The increasing of population also creates more corruptions between the government and the investors, because rising price guides them the ways of making more benefits. These all situations have just creating further problems continuously from the past. It seems like these problem would never end because if they cannot fix one spot on the cycle, the other spot would never be solved. How to cite Indian Price Rises, Essay examples

Importance of Marketing in Travel and Tourism Industry

Questions: 1. Discuss the core concepts of marketing for the travel and tourism sector. 2. Assess the impact of the marketing environment on individual travel and tourism businesses and tourist destinations. 3. Discuss the factors affecting consumer motivation and demand in the travel and tourismsector. 4. analyse the principles of market segmentation and its uses in marketing planning. Answers: Introduction This task is based on a case scenario wherein as a marketing manager (assistant) the requirement for Thomson Management is to create a cultural package of 6 days to visit. 1. Core Concepts of Marketing in Travel and Tourism Industry Thomson Holidays is an operator in travelling industry in the United Kingdom. The organization had been found as a subsidiary company of the Thomson Travel Group in the year 1965. Since recent times, the organization has been showing willingness towards creation of different cultural package for a visit of six days to four different places that include Porto, Lisbon, Amsterdam and Denmark. In this context, this report will be exploring different concepts and considerations related to marketing in the industrial sector of travel and tourism. The centralized argument for the success in the future of tourism industry is a crucial point to understand the trends and utilizing their positive impact, while the negatives have to be annulled. Markets growing at fast rate need strategic management oriented with rapid growth. Strategy can be referred to as determining the basic goals of long term for the organization. This has to be done in alignment of the course of actions chosen and as per the need for the allocation of resources in order to implement the goals set (Keller, 2009). In context with the marketing of the organization for new cultural package, the organization of Thomson must take the opportunity out of mass migration amongst the tourists that will contribute in leading the policy of tourism at a large scale. The package must be fixed at a lower amount of price, dictating the increased level of interest amongst the tourists within the market for this category of products. This 6 day package will be for visit to 4 destinations which are inclusive of Denmark, Amsterdam, Lisbon and Porto. The package will be inclusive of cheap fair of transport plus accommodation in the destination places with lunch, dinner and breakfast inclusive. This can be done by the accumulation of additional participants within the market of tourism that had been conducted with the approach related to the requirements for uniformity in contents with respect to the conventional products (Roger, 2012). With the concept of mass migration, there can be reflection of loyalty related to the subject in making the choice of standardized concepts, and also by selecting products in a diversified manner of the acceptable products in favor of the new interests and the new conditions. 2. Impact of Marketing Environment on Business The organization of Thomson Holiday has been a big operator and one of the most famous organization in the industry of tourism. Still, developing the holiday package of 6 days to 4 destinations will be influenced by the external environment of tourism industry. As Thomson holiday exists in U.K, the external environment of UK for considerable factors needs to be studied. These external factors are inclusive of political, social, environmental, economical, technological and legal considerations. As a matter of fact, without the segmentation of market, the organization will not be able to prepare any sorts of plans regarding behavior, psychographic, geography, and demography of customers. However there are several issues influencing the marketing environment of travel and tourism but the most essential problem has a connection to understanding the origin country and patterns of travel. The place to which tourists are from is essential and their patterns of travel is also important for c onsideration especially with regard to outbound and inbound travel. Therefore marketing strategy selected here will be well-developed niche based marketing strategy leading to the growth of total market. In order to develop this, image of the customers will be measured with regard to these 4 destinations. This package with its appropriate marketing strategy will help in convincing the customer of the packages potentiality when purchased leading towards gaining confidence of customers and their trust. 3. Factors Affecting Consumer Motivation and Demand An important factor to take under consideration when marketing the new package will be to analyze the motivation of the tourists to take up the particular package. Factors from this perspective can be divided into 2 categories which are inclusive primarily of motivational factors that help in enhancing the motivation of the traveler for purchasing this packaged holiday and secondly determination factors that can help in determining whether tourists have the ability of purchasing the product as desired. In order to add motivational factors, the package holiday will be made complicated with tangible along with intangible elements, selling experience to tourist and not just a product, assisting the tourists whereas necessary, acknowledging the belief, attitude and emotional expectation of the tourists in terms of this package. Motivation will also be measured from the perspective of the purpose for which tourists will be visiting these destinations as included in the package holiday whi ch specifically is for recreating and holidaying. 4. Principles of Market Segmentation Segmentation is referred to as the involvement of activities to split the customers or the customers with highest potentiality within certain segments or groups. In this particular segment, the customers will be sharing a common degree of interest within the services or products being provided. As a significant principle of market segmentation, it is important to understand and identify the differences in categories (Roger, 2012). This is due to the fact that for the purpose of market segmentation, market has been categorized into three different categories. These categories are clustered market, diffused market and homogenous market. In the homogenous market, each and every single prospect or customer is similar in a number of different significant ways in relation with the services, products or the business. Diffused market involves those prospects or customers that are different in a number ways related to the service, product or business. On the other hand, the clustered market i s the one involving discernable clusters of prospects or customers across relevant characteristics, needs or opinions related to the service, product or business. For the purpose of this holiday package, the customers will be segmented on the basis of demographical and geographical features. Mostly travelers from U.K with high living lifestyle and high income groups visit the 4 defined destination in this package holiday specifically for leisure and recreation. Conclusion The organization of Thomson Holiday has been a big operator and one of the most famous organization in the industry of tourism. The tourism package holiday of 6 days catering to 4 destinations will be able to attract several targeted customers from U.K especially because it considers all the principles of marketing and motivational factors. References Keller (2009). A Framework for Marketing Management, 4th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall. Lee, Y. (2005). The rise of right-time marketing. The Journal of Database Marketing Customer Strategy Management, 12 (3): 212225. Roger A. (2012). Marketing: The Core, McGaw-Hill Ryerson. p. 31.